Getting Fit for Golf

Once considered a 'gentlemen-only' game, golf has been redefined in recent years by young professionals like Tiger Woods and Annika Sorenstam. Their skill, charisma and youth have helped revolutionize this centuries-old game, transforming it into the sport of choice for a growing number of Americans of all ages and backgrounds.
Woods especially has also changed the nature of golf training. Players in the past, though they were certainly athletic and spent long hours on the practice range didn't do much to build muscle or endurance. But Woods' daily regimen of sports-specific exercises, and his ensuing successes, have driven home the importance of strength and flexibility. Now, most of the touring pros weight-train and, to prevent injuries, stretch before hitting the links.

''Almost all the younger players work out extremely hard,'' says Keith Kennedy, who has trained LPGA pros for six years aboard a mobile gym at tour events. ''The new attitude is: Training will get you in shape for golf both mentally and physically.''

Even beginning golfers, be they pre-teen or middle-aged, now know they have to condition their bodies if they're striving for the much-sought-after ''Tiger swing.'' In fact, those new to the sport would be better off imitating the silky-smooth swing of Sorenstam than the explosive Woods, who's club head speed reaches 135 mph. While launching a Tiger-esque, out-of-sight drive is one of the pure pleasures of golf, over-swinging an unfit body can cause long-term injuries that take the fun right out of your newfound passion.

Developing muscle strength is essential for generating club head speed, determining factor in how far you can hit the ball. Similarly, a muscle that is longer, stronger and more elastic is less likely to be injured.

Injuries are most likely to occur at joints or tissues that don't have sufficient strength and flexibility. One of the most common sites of such injuries is the lower back. Driving the ball causes a side-to-side tilting of the body, and the improper stance and swing can maximize the twisting motion and resulting ''crunch'' on the spine. Furthermore, golfers often fail to rotate their hips at all during the backswing and instead generate power by sliding their hips back and then forward. This places the spine in a vulnerable position because the twisting motion occurs later in the swing.

To prevent injuries, take a lesson or two to improve your swing, and add these exercises and stretches to improve your back flexibility. You'll be hitting 'em longer and straighter in no time.

• Back: More difficult exercises can improve the strength in your back, but stretching can help prevent injuries and, in any case, must come first.



• Lower back stretch: Lie flat on the floor with your knees bent. Flatten your lower back against the floor by contracting your stomach muscles (abs). Gently pull both your knees into your chest. Hold this stretch. Exhale slowly, and gently release.



• Rotational stretch (lower to middle back): Sit in a chair or on the floor, place your feet flat on ground with your back straight and shoulders square. With your arms bent at about 90 degrees, turn slowly to the right and then back to the left; hold for 30 seconds, increasing your range of motion as you progress.



• Shoulders: Our shoulders generate clubhead speed, which requires a quick, full-shoulder turn. The stronger and more limber your rotator cuff muscles are (which connect the arms to the shoulders), the less likely you'll be to get hurt. Here's one exercise and one stretch to help you along.



• Shoulder side lift (abduction lift): Start with your arms at your side, your elbows straight, and your thumbs pointed out. Raise your arms out to your side, going as high as possible, without pain. Slowly lower and repeat.



• Horizontal abduction stretch (shoulder, upper back): Bring your left arm across your chest; place your right hand on your upper arm and pull toward your body gently but firmly. It looks like you're hugging yourself. You'll feel the stretch in the rear part of your left shoulder, as well as across your upper back. Switch arms and repeat.



• Abdominals: Several studies confirm that stronger abdominal muscles will help minimize and, in some cases, eliminate lower back pain.
  
  Lie on your back and cross your arms lightly over your chest. Press the small of your back against the floor. Slowly lift only your head and shoulders off the floor to a height that feels comfortable. Do not do a full sit-up. (Full sit-ups stress the back.) Exhale on the lift. Hold for a count of three. You also might want to try a few abdominal crunches to the left and right sides to work the obliques muscles.



• Neck: Neck injuries are common among golfers. Keep in mind that our neck joints and muscles are smaller and more fragile than the larger muscles in our bodies, so be cautious and do these stretches slowly.
  
  Side to side stretch: With your body facing forward, look as far as you can over your right shoulder and gently push against your chin until you feel a stretch. Repeat for the left side.
  
  Down and up stretch: Slowly lower your chin to your chest and hold. Slowly raise your chin upward toward the sky, being careful NOT to drop your head behind you, and hold. Think, ''chin lift,'' not ''head back,'' to avoid putting pressure on the neck vertebrae. It's a very subtle difference, but an important one.

Stephanie's Fitness routine:

• Do these exercises and stretches two or three times each week, with a day of rest in between.
• Do each strengthening exercise (the crunches and the shoulder side lift) for one set of 8-15 repetitions, and after a few weeks add a second set. When you do add the second set, rest about 30 seconds between sets.
• Do the stretches both by themselves, ideally when your body is warm (after a cardiovascular workout or a hot shower), and immediately after exercising. Hold each stretch for 30-60 seconds.

You may even want to do some of the stretches when you are out on the course Try to remember to do the stretches on the areas where you feel tight, at about the 9th hole when playing 18.

After a couple of rounds on a hot summer afternoon (without a cart or caddie), I have no doubt that golf is a full-body sport. Almost no muscle went unused, and my consistent stretching sessions prevented a recurrence of an old lower-back injury.

Keep in mind, however, that exercising isn't a substitute for practice, one must not confuse training with skill development. Hitting a few buckets of balls on the range and playing a round a week is imperative: Muscle performance and skill development are formed with repetitive motion.

RESOURCES
*Nike Golf schools & Jr. Camps- (800-Nike-Camp)

*Rules of the game: United States Golf Association www.usga.org

* American Golf: based in Santa Monica, California is the largest operator of golf facilities in the world. American Golf operates a variety of precedent-setting player development programs for juniors, inner-city youths, women and families. American Golf's Web site can be accessed at www.americangolf.com

*The Sports Club, LA: GolFit Classes, 60 minute Golf specific routines to increase strength and improve your golf game. (310-473-1447)

Stephanie Oakes is a fitness correspondent for Discovery Health Channel, a contributing editor for USA Weekend Magazine and the LA Times, and appears on NBC's 'Today in New York'. She can be reached at soakes@beststuff.com.